Verkligheten är kontinuerlig. Denna kontinuitet bryts dock när vi människor börjar prata om den, dvs begreppsbildar den, egentligen redan när vi tar emot den med våra sinnen, genom att vi då lägger till en artificiell skillnad mellan oss och det vi tar emot, vilken sönderdelar den kontinuerliga verkligheten i bitar (partikulariserar den). Den innebär att vi uppfattar verkligheten såsom varande både kontinuerlig och partikulär samtidigt.
Denna samtidiga kontinuitet och partikularitet handlar dock om två olika aspekter av vår uppfattning av verkligheten, inte om olika egenskaper hos verkligheten (vilket kladistiken felaktigt tror). Istället är den senare uppfattningen faktiskt paradoxalt motsägelsefull, vilket också Russells paradox visar. (Dvs, om vi missförstår verkligheten såsom varande både kontinuerlig och partikulär samtidigt, så är vi paradoxalt motsägelsefulla.
Verkligheten är således inte både kontinuerlig och partikulär samtidigt, utan verkar endast vara det för oss därför att vi har lagt till en artificiell skillnad mellan oss och det vi tar emot. Förståelse av detta faktum är grundläggande för behållande av fokus i vår diskussion om verkligheten på den verklighet vi tar emot istället för ett förlorande bland de ord vi använder för att diskutera den (vilket kladistiken alltså har råkat ut för). Ett sådant förlorande bland orden är dessvärre vanligt hos dem som betraktar sig som intellektuella. Det kan till och med betraktas som karaktäristiskt för dem.
Det är alltså detta förlorande bland orden som har fått många biologiska systematiker att tro att de kan hitta ett enda sant Livets Träd, och även fått många fysiker att tro att de kan hitta det de kallar Higgs partikel. De tror helt enkelt att deras uppfattning av verkligheten ÄR verkligheten. Det krävs alltså en viss intelligens för att kunna passera detta nålsöga från en konsekvent uppfattning av det vi kallar verkligheten till en paradoxalt motsägelsefull uppfattning av den. Det krävs en viss intelligens för att kunna passera nålsögat från vett till ovett.
söndag 9 september 2012
fredag 7 september 2012
On the choice between Linnean systematics and cladistics
When we conceptualize reality, we implicitly distinguish reality from our conceptualization of it. This distinction is thus not a real difference, but an arbitrary (artificial) distinction in a continuity consisting of reality and our distinction of it. This distinction creates an orthogonal (ie, diametrically opposed) relation between reality and our conceptualization of it, which, in turn, leaves us with two orthogonal approaches to conceptualize reality: subjectivity and objectivity. These two approaches are thus the only two facets (or aspects) of the thus created interface between us and reality that it offers us to look at (and thus conceptualize) reality.
The fact that the relation between reality and our conceptualiztion thus is orthogonal means, however, that neither of the offered approaches (ie, subjectivity and objectivity) can be unambiguous, since an orthogonal relation can't be unambiguous, but that one is paradoxically contradictory (ie, subjectivity), see also Russell's paradox, whereas the other is consistently ambiguous (ie, objectivity). Our choice in conceptualization of reality is thus between being paradoxically contradictory or consistently ambiguous. Subjectivity is also called realism, ie, assuming that classes are real, whereas objectivity also is called nominalism, ie, assuming that objects are real.
These two approaches (ie, realism and nominalism) have been battling each other since the dawn of conceptualization. The fundamental disagreement between them is which of them that can reach the ultimate truth that both of them search. This battle is thus a battle of the Pope's beard, since none of them can reach the ultimate truth, because the ultimate truth can't be reached at all, since none of the to us offered facets (or aspects) of reality is unambiguous. None of these two approaches can thus reach an ultimate truth, since one of them is paradoxically contradictory (ie, subjectivity) whereas the other is consistently ambiguous (ie, objectivity). Instead, we have to choose one of them by its pros and cons. We have to abandon the idea of a single "true" conceptualization and instead evaluate them by their respective pros and cons. The question we have to pose ourselves is thus: do we prefer to enter a vain search for a non-existing "True Tree of Life" (ie, cladistics) or produce a consistent classification (ie, an orthogonal system of classification like the Linnean system)? There is no other option given to us.
Another question is whether the sponsors of biological systematics prefer to pay for a vain search for a non-existing "True Tree of Life" or for the production of a consistent classification. This is a choice they have to contemplate.
The fact that the relation between reality and our conceptualiztion thus is orthogonal means, however, that neither of the offered approaches (ie, subjectivity and objectivity) can be unambiguous, since an orthogonal relation can't be unambiguous, but that one is paradoxically contradictory (ie, subjectivity), see also Russell's paradox, whereas the other is consistently ambiguous (ie, objectivity). Our choice in conceptualization of reality is thus between being paradoxically contradictory or consistently ambiguous. Subjectivity is also called realism, ie, assuming that classes are real, whereas objectivity also is called nominalism, ie, assuming that objects are real.
These two approaches (ie, realism and nominalism) have been battling each other since the dawn of conceptualization. The fundamental disagreement between them is which of them that can reach the ultimate truth that both of them search. This battle is thus a battle of the Pope's beard, since none of them can reach the ultimate truth, because the ultimate truth can't be reached at all, since none of the to us offered facets (or aspects) of reality is unambiguous. None of these two approaches can thus reach an ultimate truth, since one of them is paradoxically contradictory (ie, subjectivity) whereas the other is consistently ambiguous (ie, objectivity). Instead, we have to choose one of them by its pros and cons. We have to abandon the idea of a single "true" conceptualization and instead evaluate them by their respective pros and cons. The question we have to pose ourselves is thus: do we prefer to enter a vain search for a non-existing "True Tree of Life" (ie, cladistics) or produce a consistent classification (ie, an orthogonal system of classification like the Linnean system)? There is no other option given to us.
Another question is whether the sponsors of biological systematics prefer to pay for a vain search for a non-existing "True Tree of Life" or for the production of a consistent classification. This is a choice they have to contemplate.
torsdag 6 september 2012
On the vain battle for cladistics
The fact that our conceptualization of reality separates reality from our conceptualization of reality means that conceptualization creates an artificial rift between reality and our conceptualization of it, which we call Russell's paradox. This rift (ie, Russell's paradox), in turn, is actually an orthogonal cube interface between reality and our conceptualization of it having two facets (or aspects): subjectivity and objectivity, whereof subjectivity is paradoxically contradictory and thus ultimately the inverse of a paradoxical contradiction, that is, an infinite recursion, and objectivity is consistently ambiguous. It means that our conceptualization of reality leaves us with two options: (1) paradoxical contradiction ultimately ending up in infinite recursion (ie, subjectivity), or (2) consistent ambiguity (ie, objectivity). This is the setting of conceptualization that we have to relate to.
Cladists are trying to make this fundamental choice between subjectivity and objectivity into an existential question, ie, concerning whether a particular kind of group (ie, clades, or genera with their species) "are natural groups" or not, but this focus is actually just a diversion. The problem is, instead, that such "natural groups" in fact are ultimately paradoxically contradictory. This problem does not, however, reside in the "natural groups" themselves, but in that they are inconsistent, ie, that they don't break even. Our fundamental choice is thus not an existential question between whether a particular kind of group "are natural groups" or not, but instead the much less dramatical choice of whether we prefer subjectivity or objectivity (ie, paradoxical contradiction or consistent ambiguity). Those that choose subjectivity just have a tendency to fall into existential arguments.
Biological systematics perceives itself as having the task of finding the natural classification of biological organisms. Given Russell's paradox, this task is however, indeed mission impossible, since this paradox shows that there is no such natural classification to be found, ie, that the idea itself is practically void. The question whether biological systematics will ever accept this fact is, however, written in the stars. Presently, it is doing all it can to deny it. It battles for its existential aim, although Russell (among others) already has discarded it. Cladists are thus fighting a vain battle for the idea that there is a consistent meeting point between subjectivity and objectivity, ie, a "natural" classification, although Russell's paradox has already shown that this idea is practically void. Why continue this hopeless battle?
Cladists are trying to make this fundamental choice between subjectivity and objectivity into an existential question, ie, concerning whether a particular kind of group (ie, clades, or genera with their species) "are natural groups" or not, but this focus is actually just a diversion. The problem is, instead, that such "natural groups" in fact are ultimately paradoxically contradictory. This problem does not, however, reside in the "natural groups" themselves, but in that they are inconsistent, ie, that they don't break even. Our fundamental choice is thus not an existential question between whether a particular kind of group "are natural groups" or not, but instead the much less dramatical choice of whether we prefer subjectivity or objectivity (ie, paradoxical contradiction or consistent ambiguity). Those that choose subjectivity just have a tendency to fall into existential arguments.
Biological systematics perceives itself as having the task of finding the natural classification of biological organisms. Given Russell's paradox, this task is however, indeed mission impossible, since this paradox shows that there is no such natural classification to be found, ie, that the idea itself is practically void. The question whether biological systematics will ever accept this fact is, however, written in the stars. Presently, it is doing all it can to deny it. It battles for its existential aim, although Russell (among others) already has discarded it. Cladists are thus fighting a vain battle for the idea that there is a consistent meeting point between subjectivity and objectivity, ie, a "natural" classification, although Russell's paradox has already shown that this idea is practically void. Why continue this hopeless battle?
onsdag 5 september 2012
On discussions about process, and the excluded middle
When we discuss processes in general terms, we encounter a problem that originates from the division of process into entities consisting of "beginnings" and "ends". The problem is that this division means that there also must be middles between the beginnings and the ends although the division does not include such middles, because this discrepancy means that the middles are paradoxically contradictory between beginnings and ends per definition (ie, the class middle is paradoxically contradictory between the class beginning and the class end) - if one such middle is a beginning, then it both precedes and succeeds an end (at the same time) per definition, whereas if it is an end, then it both precedes and succeeds a beginning (at the same time) per definition, which is paradoxically contradictory.
This problem is tricky to interpret. The fundametal question is whether it is a property of reality or just a consequence of our conceptualization of reality (ie, of abstracting reality). The answer to this question is extremely far-fetched, but can be found if we first consider that the question implies (1) that there is a clearcut difference between the two (ie, between reality and our conceptualization of reality), and (2) that we can conceptualize this difference. It means that the answer must be a conceptualization that bridges reality and our conceptualization of reality, which we, maybe surprisingly, already have, since we traditionally call the former "reality" and the latter "the abstract". The answer to the question is thus, maybe sursprisingly, that the problem IS our division of reality and our conceptualization of reality into "reality" and "the abstract" itself. The paradoxical contradiction in middles between beginnings and ends is thus a consequence of our own division "reality" and "the abstract" itself, ie, our division "reality" and "the abstract" itself makes middles paradoxically contradictory between beginnings and ends.
It means that the problem neither is a property of reality nor a consequence of our conceptualization of reality, but instead a consequence of our division "reality" and "our conceptualization of reality" itself, that is, a consequence of the division itself rather than a property of reality or a consequence of our conceptualization of reality. The problem simply emerges with our division "reality" and "the abstract" itself when we conceptualize reality. It resides in the difference between reality and our concepts itself. It is actually the relation between reality and our conceptualization of it itself.
This is the reason why it has been called "the excluded middle". If we accept this class (ie, middles), as cladistics does, then we instead exclude the difference between reality and the abstract, and thus also between beginnings and ends. We then thus exclude the division of process into entities consisting of "beginnings" and "ends" that we started with. This contradiction can we, as humans, live with, but not make sense of. Instead, the contradiction is impossible to formulate consistently. It may appear very "natural" to some of us, but can't be formulated consistently, because it is inconsistent. It is thus something we have to adapt to (eg, with an orthogonal system of classification of the Linnean kind), instead of something we can solve. It is actually a corollary of conceptualization itself.
Accepting this class of middles (ie, cladistcs) thus leads into paradoxical contradiction, and paradoxical contradiction is infinite recursion when searching it. Cladistics is thus infinite recursion.
This problem is tricky to interpret. The fundametal question is whether it is a property of reality or just a consequence of our conceptualization of reality (ie, of abstracting reality). The answer to this question is extremely far-fetched, but can be found if we first consider that the question implies (1) that there is a clearcut difference between the two (ie, between reality and our conceptualization of reality), and (2) that we can conceptualize this difference. It means that the answer must be a conceptualization that bridges reality and our conceptualization of reality, which we, maybe surprisingly, already have, since we traditionally call the former "reality" and the latter "the abstract". The answer to the question is thus, maybe sursprisingly, that the problem IS our division of reality and our conceptualization of reality into "reality" and "the abstract" itself. The paradoxical contradiction in middles between beginnings and ends is thus a consequence of our own division "reality" and "the abstract" itself, ie, our division "reality" and "the abstract" itself makes middles paradoxically contradictory between beginnings and ends.
It means that the problem neither is a property of reality nor a consequence of our conceptualization of reality, but instead a consequence of our division "reality" and "our conceptualization of reality" itself, that is, a consequence of the division itself rather than a property of reality or a consequence of our conceptualization of reality. The problem simply emerges with our division "reality" and "the abstract" itself when we conceptualize reality. It resides in the difference between reality and our concepts itself. It is actually the relation between reality and our conceptualization of it itself.
This is the reason why it has been called "the excluded middle". If we accept this class (ie, middles), as cladistics does, then we instead exclude the difference between reality and the abstract, and thus also between beginnings and ends. We then thus exclude the division of process into entities consisting of "beginnings" and "ends" that we started with. This contradiction can we, as humans, live with, but not make sense of. Instead, the contradiction is impossible to formulate consistently. It may appear very "natural" to some of us, but can't be formulated consistently, because it is inconsistent. It is thus something we have to adapt to (eg, with an orthogonal system of classification of the Linnean kind), instead of something we can solve. It is actually a corollary of conceptualization itself.
Accepting this class of middles (ie, cladistcs) thus leads into paradoxical contradiction, and paradoxical contradiction is infinite recursion when searching it. Cladistics is thus infinite recursion.
tisdag 4 september 2012
Cladistics looses itself in the fogs of simplicity
When we classify reality, there are only two aspects we have to keep consistently apart: reality and the abstract (ie, object and class), to keep reality and our perception of it consistently apart. In doing so, there is one aspect we misses, the middle. There simply is no place for a middle between reality and our perception of it. It means that classification can't pinpoint reality unambiguously.
If we, like cladists, instead claim that classification indeed can pinpoint reality consistently, then we actually claim that there is no difference between reality and the abstract, and thus that there is a middle between reality and the abstract.
If there indeed is a middle between reality and the abstract, then there is no reason to partition our perception of reality into reality and our perception of reality, and thus that reality is what we think it is.
If reality is what we think it is, then the question is: what who thinks it is? We can, obviously, disagree about both what reality is and what history is, so which comprehension is correct? If the answer is the most parsimonious comprehension, then the most generalizing perception is right. The notion thus turns simplicity into a virtue. Knowledge is in this approach only a burden. The boldest painting of reality in only black and white wins. The approach thus looses itself in the fogs of simplicity.
If we, like cladists, instead claim that classification indeed can pinpoint reality consistently, then we actually claim that there is no difference between reality and the abstract, and thus that there is a middle between reality and the abstract.
If there indeed is a middle between reality and the abstract, then there is no reason to partition our perception of reality into reality and our perception of reality, and thus that reality is what we think it is.
If reality is what we think it is, then the question is: what who thinks it is? We can, obviously, disagree about both what reality is and what history is, so which comprehension is correct? If the answer is the most parsimonious comprehension, then the most generalizing perception is right. The notion thus turns simplicity into a virtue. Knowledge is in this approach only a burden. The boldest painting of reality in only black and white wins. The approach thus looses itself in the fogs of simplicity.
måndag 3 september 2012
Kladistik är intressant i många avseenden
Den nya inriktningen i biologisk systematik som kallas "kladistik" (kladism) är verkligen intressant i många avseenden.
Den är egentligen en direkt cirkularitet vari man "rekonstruerar" en klassificering som man också börjar med. En sådan "rekonstruktion" leder alltså inte till någon överraskning, utan är endast den klassificering som ens egen initiala klassificering leder till när man minimerar dess interna motsägelser. Den optimerar alltså ens egen klassificering genom att minimera dess motsägelser.
Kladismens grundläggande idé är att det finns en enda klassificering som är sann, vilken kladistiken kallar Livets Träd, och tanken är att optimeringen av klassificeringen ultimat ska nå denna sanna klassificering. Argumentet är att "något Livets träd måste ju vara sant" och då spelar det ingen roll att vägen till det är en direkt cirkularitet.
Den kritiska frågan för kladismen är således om "något Livets träd" måste vara sant. För att besvara denna fråga måste man bena ut vad kladisterna menar med "Livets träd". För ett kritiskt sinne tycks det inte vara något annat än en klassificering. Kladismen börjar ju med klasser och klassificerar sedan dessa klasser. Att kladisterna själva anser att de initiala klasserna representerar "arter" spelar mindre roll, eftersom det för det första saknar betydelse och för det andra leder in i en annan komplicerad fråga om vad kladisterna menar med sådana "arter". Det viktiga är att vad kladismen egentligen gör är att klassificera klasser. Så, den kritiska frågan är om någon klassificering måste vara sann, dvs, om det finns en enda klassificering som är sann (i ljuset av evolutionsteorin förstås).
Problemet för kladismen är att Bertrand Russell visade 1901, alltså långt innan kladismens födelse, (med Russell's paradox) att klassificering ultimat är paradoxalt självmotsägande. Det innebär att en optimering såsom den kladistiska är förutbestämd att hamna i en paradoxal självmotsägelse. Detta motsäger alltså kladismens grundläggande idé att det finns en enda klassificering som är sann. Istället är klassificering tydligen inneboende inkonsekvent. Det innebär att inte "något Livets träd" måste vara sant, utan att själva idén "Livets träd" är paradoxalt självmotsägande. Den kritiska frågan för kladismen om huruvida "något Livets träd" måste vara sant har alltså svaret att nej, det måste det inte, dvs, att inget Livets träd måste vara sant.
Detta faktum är totalt obegripligt för kladister, eftersom de således utgår ifrån ett felaktigt grundantagande (axiom) och de inte kan begripa hur detta kan vara fel. Felet ligger (dock tydligen) i att kladisterna (likt Platon) antar att klasser är reella, dvs verkligen finns, eftersom klasser således är ultimat paradoxalt självmotsägande (vilket Bertrand Russell visade). Den konsekventa inriktningen är således tydligen att de objekt Platon föraktade såsom illusioner istället är reella, dvs verkliga (vilket också Wilhelm af Occam hävdade). Platons tredelade uppdelning av verkligheten och vår uppfattning av den (ie, idévärlden) är konsekvent, men hans antagande att verkligheten ligger i "den perfekta" idévärlden är tydligen fel, vilket Russell's paradox visade genom att visa att idévärlden är paradoxalt självmotsägande. Detta faktum hade således varit totalt obegripligt också för Platon.
Vad detta faktum visar är att kontinuerlig förändring (och imperfektion) är vad vi har att förhålla oss till. I denna kontext finns det inget enda sant "Livets träd". Istället finns det flera lika sanna "Livets träd", dvs begreppet är relativt. Det beror på vad vi tittar på.
Det mest intressanta med kladistik är alltså att den har spetsat till motsättningen mellan realister (de som antar att klasser är reella) och nominalister (de som antar att objekt är reella), och därmed tvingat oss till en sammanfattning av var forskningen står idag, och där vinner nominalister över realister. (Realism i denna kontext ska inte sammanblandas med pragmatism. Den handlar enbart om att anta att klasser är reella).
Kanske visar kladistiken att realismen är förutbestämd att hamna i sin egen fälla, dvs Russells paradox. Väl där, måste den ju försöka "rädda skenet" genom att hålla fast vid den till det bittra slutet. Kanske kan allmänhetens bristande förmåga att förstå rädda den genom rått maktutövande, dvs utesluta och ignorera sanningssägare som mig. Förr eller senare måste dock en sak som nu kan skönjas framträda i all sin prakt. Då, om inte förr, kommer konsekvenserna av Russells paradox att styra skeendet.
Den är egentligen en direkt cirkularitet vari man "rekonstruerar" en klassificering som man också börjar med. En sådan "rekonstruktion" leder alltså inte till någon överraskning, utan är endast den klassificering som ens egen initiala klassificering leder till när man minimerar dess interna motsägelser. Den optimerar alltså ens egen klassificering genom att minimera dess motsägelser.
Kladismens grundläggande idé är att det finns en enda klassificering som är sann, vilken kladistiken kallar Livets Träd, och tanken är att optimeringen av klassificeringen ultimat ska nå denna sanna klassificering. Argumentet är att "något Livets träd måste ju vara sant" och då spelar det ingen roll att vägen till det är en direkt cirkularitet.
Den kritiska frågan för kladismen är således om "något Livets träd" måste vara sant. För att besvara denna fråga måste man bena ut vad kladisterna menar med "Livets träd". För ett kritiskt sinne tycks det inte vara något annat än en klassificering. Kladismen börjar ju med klasser och klassificerar sedan dessa klasser. Att kladisterna själva anser att de initiala klasserna representerar "arter" spelar mindre roll, eftersom det för det första saknar betydelse och för det andra leder in i en annan komplicerad fråga om vad kladisterna menar med sådana "arter". Det viktiga är att vad kladismen egentligen gör är att klassificera klasser. Så, den kritiska frågan är om någon klassificering måste vara sann, dvs, om det finns en enda klassificering som är sann (i ljuset av evolutionsteorin förstås).
Problemet för kladismen är att Bertrand Russell visade 1901, alltså långt innan kladismens födelse, (med Russell's paradox) att klassificering ultimat är paradoxalt självmotsägande. Det innebär att en optimering såsom den kladistiska är förutbestämd att hamna i en paradoxal självmotsägelse. Detta motsäger alltså kladismens grundläggande idé att det finns en enda klassificering som är sann. Istället är klassificering tydligen inneboende inkonsekvent. Det innebär att inte "något Livets träd" måste vara sant, utan att själva idén "Livets träd" är paradoxalt självmotsägande. Den kritiska frågan för kladismen om huruvida "något Livets träd" måste vara sant har alltså svaret att nej, det måste det inte, dvs, att inget Livets träd måste vara sant.
Detta faktum är totalt obegripligt för kladister, eftersom de således utgår ifrån ett felaktigt grundantagande (axiom) och de inte kan begripa hur detta kan vara fel. Felet ligger (dock tydligen) i att kladisterna (likt Platon) antar att klasser är reella, dvs verkligen finns, eftersom klasser således är ultimat paradoxalt självmotsägande (vilket Bertrand Russell visade). Den konsekventa inriktningen är således tydligen att de objekt Platon föraktade såsom illusioner istället är reella, dvs verkliga (vilket också Wilhelm af Occam hävdade). Platons tredelade uppdelning av verkligheten och vår uppfattning av den (ie, idévärlden) är konsekvent, men hans antagande att verkligheten ligger i "den perfekta" idévärlden är tydligen fel, vilket Russell's paradox visade genom att visa att idévärlden är paradoxalt självmotsägande. Detta faktum hade således varit totalt obegripligt också för Platon.
Vad detta faktum visar är att kontinuerlig förändring (och imperfektion) är vad vi har att förhålla oss till. I denna kontext finns det inget enda sant "Livets träd". Istället finns det flera lika sanna "Livets träd", dvs begreppet är relativt. Det beror på vad vi tittar på.
Det mest intressanta med kladistik är alltså att den har spetsat till motsättningen mellan realister (de som antar att klasser är reella) och nominalister (de som antar att objekt är reella), och därmed tvingat oss till en sammanfattning av var forskningen står idag, och där vinner nominalister över realister. (Realism i denna kontext ska inte sammanblandas med pragmatism. Den handlar enbart om att anta att klasser är reella).
Kanske visar kladistiken att realismen är förutbestämd att hamna i sin egen fälla, dvs Russells paradox. Väl där, måste den ju försöka "rädda skenet" genom att hålla fast vid den till det bittra slutet. Kanske kan allmänhetens bristande förmåga att förstå rädda den genom rått maktutövande, dvs utesluta och ignorera sanningssägare som mig. Förr eller senare måste dock en sak som nu kan skönjas framträda i all sin prakt. Då, om inte förr, kommer konsekvenserna av Russells paradox att styra skeendet.
söndag 2 september 2012
Fundamental facts about classification and systematics (and cladistics)
Bertrand Russell showed 1901 that classification is paradoxically contradictory, ie, internally inconsistent, see Russell's paradox. This inconsistency is immediately due to that classes contain two kinds of classes: finite classes (ie, objects and categories) and infinite classes (ie, abstract types). The reason is that each finite class must correspond to an infinite class (ie, that each real class must correspond to an abstract class), that is, that there must be a one-to-one correspondance between finite classes and infinite classes, because it means that the total number of classes must be even, which, in turn, is impossible, since the relation between finite classes and infinite classes is orthogonal (ie, diametrically opposed), and that their numbers thus differs with one, because it means that their total number always is odd. It is thus impossible to obtain a one-to-one correspondance between finite classes and infinite classes in classification. The situation is like putting a puzzle where the last piece always is redundant.
However, using an orthogonal system of classification (ie, classifying objects into finite classes of infinite classes), like the Linnean system, transfers this internal inconsistency into a an ambiguity between classification and the classified. It means that such system, on the contrary, can't be inconsistent, ie, that every possible such system is consistent. The reason is that the numbers of finite classes and infinite classes in such system differs with one, because it makes their total number odd per definition, which neutralizes the paradoxical contradiction (ie, internal orthogonality) in classification.
These two kinds of classifications are the only kinds of classification there are. It means that the cladistic idea "a single true tree of life" is inconsistent per definition, since it requires that classification is consistent. If we, like cladists, don't acknowledge the fact that classification is inconsistent, but instead erroneously claim that classification can be consistent, then we actually just transfer the inconsistency of classification into our own heads (into our logical reasoning), thereby turning us, ourselves, inconsistent, (if we weren't before) like cladists are.
This internal inconsistency of classification can we not get rid of, but can only transfer into other positions, ie, to between classification and the classified or to our own heads, because it is fundamentally due to, or is the reason for, the ever-changing nature of reality. At this fundamental level it is impossible to distinguish cause from effect. (This, in turn, may be due to that cause and effect are orthogonal, and that a beginning actually is lacking. If so, change just follows the tracks it is bound to follow, but according to certain principles. Principles rule, but they continuously conflict, and the result is a compromise. A beginning is in any case impossible to invoke without transferring the inconsistency of classification into our own heads, ie, to our logical reasoning).
However, using an orthogonal system of classification (ie, classifying objects into finite classes of infinite classes), like the Linnean system, transfers this internal inconsistency into a an ambiguity between classification and the classified. It means that such system, on the contrary, can't be inconsistent, ie, that every possible such system is consistent. The reason is that the numbers of finite classes and infinite classes in such system differs with one, because it makes their total number odd per definition, which neutralizes the paradoxical contradiction (ie, internal orthogonality) in classification.
These two kinds of classifications are the only kinds of classification there are. It means that the cladistic idea "a single true tree of life" is inconsistent per definition, since it requires that classification is consistent. If we, like cladists, don't acknowledge the fact that classification is inconsistent, but instead erroneously claim that classification can be consistent, then we actually just transfer the inconsistency of classification into our own heads (into our logical reasoning), thereby turning us, ourselves, inconsistent, (if we weren't before) like cladists are.
This internal inconsistency of classification can we not get rid of, but can only transfer into other positions, ie, to between classification and the classified or to our own heads, because it is fundamentally due to, or is the reason for, the ever-changing nature of reality. At this fundamental level it is impossible to distinguish cause from effect. (This, in turn, may be due to that cause and effect are orthogonal, and that a beginning actually is lacking. If so, change just follows the tracks it is bound to follow, but according to certain principles. Principles rule, but they continuously conflict, and the result is a compromise. A beginning is in any case impossible to invoke without transferring the inconsistency of classification into our own heads, ie, to our logical reasoning).
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