The problem with oversimplifications like Cladistics

The problem with oversimplifications like Cladistics is that they have several equally correct solutions between which they are contradictory, because oversimplification in itself is actually leaving objectivity in preference for subjectivity, and subjectivity is contradictory per definition. Oversimplification is both the act of leaving objectivity in preference for subjectivity and subjectivity itself, like how Fourier transformation is both a transformation and a transform. Independently of objectivity and subjectivity, fact is that there are at least two aspects of every real phenomenon in an objective sense, and that these aspects are contradictory "solutions" of this phenomenon in a subjective sense. Objectivity and subjectivity are merely two orthogonal approaches to reality, objectivity being ambiguous and subjectivity being contradictory.

What Hennig actually does when he confuses object with class is thus that he leaves ambiguous objectivity in preference for contradictory subjectivity. Instead of acknowledging reality's fundamentally ambiguous nature, he claims that reality (i.e., the historical "reality") is unambiguous, thereby instead being contradictory. He thus returns to the same subjectivity that dominated biological systematics before Linné invented his objective (orthogonal) classificatory system, although dressed in new clothes. Its subjectivity is easily recognized by the Golden Rule of Biological systematics: if it looks like a duck, walks like a duck and sounds like a duck, then it is a duck.